Indian Historian: October 2009

Data Range	phase	Era
5500-3300	Mehrgarh II-VI (pottery Neolithic)	Regionalisation Era
3300-2600	Early harappan (early Bronze Age)
3300-2800	Harappan 1 (ravi phase)
2800-2600	Harappan 2 (kot diji phase, Nausharo I, mehrgarh VII)
2600-1900	Mature Harappan (Middle Bronze age)	Integration Era
2600-2450	Harappan 3A (Nausharo II)
2450-2200	Harappan 3B
2200-1900	Harappan 3c
1900-1300	Late harappan (cemetery H, Late Bronze Age)	Localisation Era
1900-1700	Harappan 4
1700-1300	Harappan 5

MEHRGARH:

Early farming village in mehrgarh, c.7000 BCE, with house built with mud bricks. (muse Guimet, paris). Mehrgarh, one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC) sites in archaeology.
It has one of the earliest sites with evidence of fatming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats) in south asia.
It is located near the Bolan pass, to the west of the Indus River valley and between the present-day Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi.
The site was discovered in 1974 by an archaeological team directed by French archaeologist Jean-francois Jarrige.
Early mehrgarh residents lived in mud brick house, stored their grain in granaries, fashioned tools with local copper ore, and lined their large basket emmer wheat, jujubes and dated, and herded sheep, goats and cattle. Residents of the later period (5500 BC to 2600 BCE) put much effort into crafts, including flint Knapping, tanning, bead production, and metal working. The site was occupied continuously until about 2600 BC.
In April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence in human history for the drilling of teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh.

Pottery culture	characteristics	Period and sites
Orche Coloured (OCP)	With Bright red slip and painted in black	Contemporary to the later half of the mature Harappan Civilization Flourished in the upper-Gangetic plains; Mayapur in Saharanpur district to saipai in Etawah
Block and red Ware (BRW)	Pottery are black colored inside the near the rim on outside, and red color over the rest of the body	Succeeded OCP and important sites are Atranjikhera, Hastinapur, Alamgirapur, and Ahichhatra.
Painted Grey Ware (PGW)	Pottery is wheel-made. painted in black and deep chocolate color	Succeeded BRW and first found at Ahichchatra in 1946. Important sites are: Bhagwanpura in Haryana, roper in Punjab, noth in rajasthan. In utter Pradesh it has found at Alamgiripur, Ahichchhatra, Hastinapur, Atranjikheta, jakhera and Mathura.
Northern black polished were culture (NBPW)	Glossy surface, green black ware	Succeeded PGW and first discovered in Taxila in 1930. The important sites are Ropar in Punjab, Raja- karna-ka-Quila in Haryana, Jodhpur and noh in Rajasthan. Ahichchhatra, Hastinapur, Atranjikhera, Kausambi and sravasti in UP. Chandra ketugarth in West Bengal

INDIAN CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS MATHEMATICS

ARITHMETIC:
Decimal system-	Decimal units go back as far as the Indus valley civilization
Negative numbers-	Brahmagupta
Zero-	Hindu-Arabic numeral system
Hindu-arabic numeral system, the modern positional nottin numeral

Flotinf point numbers	Kerala school
Number theory:
Infinity-	Yajur veda
Transfinite numbers	Ancient jania mathematics
Irrational numbers	Sulba sutras
Geometry:
Sqare roots-	Sulba sutras, bakhashali approximation
Cube roots-	Mahavira
Pythagorean triples-	Sulba sutras; Baudhayana and Apastamba gave proofs of the Phythagorean theorem
Transformation-	Panini
Pascal’s triangle-	Pingala
Algebra:
Quadratic equations-	Sulba stras, Aryabhata, brahmagupta
Cubic equations-	Mahavira, Bhaskara
Quartic equations (biquardratic equations)-	Mahavira, bhaskara
Mathematical logic:
Formal grammars,formal language theory, the Panini-Backus from-	Panini
Recursion-	Panini
Fibonacci numbers-	Pingala
Earliest forms of morse code	Pingala
Logarithms, indides	Jaina mathematics
Trigonometry:
Trigonometryc functions	Surya siddhanta, aryabatta
Trigonometryc series	Madhava, kerala school
Algorithms alogorism	Aryabhatta, Brahamaguypta
Calculus:
Differential calculus	Bhaskara, madhava of sangamagrama, kerala school,jyeshtadeva
Integral calculus	Madhava of sanagama grama,kerala school
Mathematical analysis, including discoveries foundational to the development of calculus
Infinite series-	Madhava
Power series, Taylor series-	Madhava, kerala school

sites	location	sites	Location
Harappa	Ravi	Ropar	Sutlej
Mohenjodaro	Indus	Alamgirpur	Hindan
Lothal	Bhogwa	Balakot	Coastal
Kalibangan	Ghaggar	Allahdino	Indus(coast)
Chanhudaro	Indus	Desalpur	Bhadar
Suktagendor	Arabian sea	Rojdi	Bhadar
Banawali	Saraswati	Manda	Chenab
Kot Diji	Indus	Daimabad	Pravara

ORGIN OF THE VEDIC PERIOD

Vedic culture was functionally different from that of Mohenjodro. From a purely linguistic point of view, the Rig veda in its present form cannot be dated much earlier than 1000B.C. some of suggested that the Aryans certainly stayed for some times in general Asia. The name of the four vedic gods: Mitra, Varuna, indra and Nasatys occurring in the records and has been discovered at Bhogaz-koi (mittani) in around 1400 BC. This inscription is of great relevance.

The kassites inscription has also shown indo-iranian settlements of Aryans; Edward Mayor has tried to show that point from which those indo-iranians began to spread easteard into the Punjab and west tested indo-European language (Greek) has failed to make out a definite case for and European original home of the Aryans. The reasons being: 1. No common vocabulary has been found; and 2. the first greek speaking people of Greece were the Aehaiang appeared in the scene around 1200BC. After the decline of the Myanean Civilization, they adopted Myanean culture. The indo-ERopean speaking tribes should, therefore, have entered Greece for the first time only about 1200B.C., but there is nothing to tell us from religious reason precisely that Greek tribes have come.
Therefore the similarities between the indo-european and phinno and Urigian groups are much that cannot be brushed aside and at the same time establishing a common origin is distant goal.
There are a number of scholars who have record indigenous origin of the Aryans: 1. M.M. Ganganath jha has tried to prove that the original home was brahamarishi-Desa; 2. D.S. Triveda suggests that the original home of the Aryans was in the region of the river Devika in Multan; 3.L.D.kalla advocates the claims of Kashmir and the Himalayan region.

4. the sapt-sindh concept given by A.C. Das. THERE ARE TWO SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT:

(a) Foreign school of thought;

(b) indigenous schools of thought;

Foreign Schools of thought:

balganagadhar tilak- arctic (Aryans come from here); became it mentions 6 months of each day and night;
J.P.Roar- Aryans were inhabitants of bacteria
Max Muller- Aryans inhabitants of central Asia;
Prof. says- Aryans were inhabitants of Caspian sea;
Edward mayor- Aryans were inhabitants of pameer
Brandstein- Aryans were inhabitants of Iran;
Harzfield- Aryans were inhabitants of Turkistan;
P.Giles- Aryans were inhabitants of Hungry Austria and Bohemia;

Arguments in favour of indigenous school:

There in no evidence to show that the ved Aryans were foreigners;
The literacy evidences have indicated that Aryans were local inhabitants of sapt-sind region;
The linguistic affinities are not positive proof Aryans immigration. The Vedic Sanskrit has largest number of vocals found in the Aryan languages;
The sacrificial rituals had long been established before the completion of samhita. There fore, home of soma, the munjavant indicated the Aryans had orgin somewhere in Punjab.
The fusion berween the greek languages and languages is not yet firmly established;
Tiger has not been mentioned in Rig Veda But lion has been mentioned;
The geographical area clearly shows that Punjab and nearly regions constitude the home of vedi people. Therefore, we see that both the school has failed to provide a plausible theory regard the origin of Vedic people.

Important officials (Hierarchy in court):-

Brahmin- priest;
Rajanya- king;
Mahisi- chief queen
Parivakti- neglect wife of the king;
Vavata favorate queen;
Senani- chief commander in-chief;
Sangrahitra treasurer
Ksattr- chamberlain
Suta- chorister;
Vaishya-gramini- head of villager group of village
Bhagaduha- revenue colletor
Taksan chariot maker’
Rathakara- chariot maker;
Aksavapa- disk thrower or distribution of land property
Govikrna of Govikarta –kings compranion of chess

Six important officials:

Suta - charioteer
Gramini - head of vis;
Ksattr - chamberlain;
Sangrahitra - treasurer;
Bhagaduha - revenue colleter;
Aksavapa - Disk thrower and distributor of land property (one group)

Superintendent of grambling.

Words originated from the word GAU (cow)

Goshu Battle

Gavishti Battle

Gavyat Battle

Godhuli time measuring unit

Gavyuti Distance measuring unit

Gocharman Distance measuring unit

Gauri Buffalo

Goghna guest

Cow was also called as aghnya

VEDIC LITERATURE

VEDA	RIGVEDA	SAMAVEDA	YAJURVEDA	ATHARVAVEDA
No.of mandals and mantras	10 mandals	1810 hymns	40 mandals 200 Hymns
Divisions	none	None	Krsna and shukla	Paiplad and shaunak
Brahmana	1.kaushitiki/sankhayana 2.Aittreya	1.tandaymasha 2.panchavis 3.gaimini 4.Chhandyogya 5.Udgatri	1.Taitterya(krshna) 2.sathpath (shukla)	1.Gopath
Aranyaka	1.kausjitiki 2.Aittreya	None	1.Taitterya	None
Upanishad	1.kaushitiki 2.Attreya	1.ken 2.Chhandyoga	1.Taitterya (krsna) 2.Kath (krsna) 3.Svetasvar (krsna) 4.Brihadaranyaka (shukla) 5.Isa (shukla)	1.Manduka 2.manduka 3.prasna
upaveda	Ayurveda	Gandharvaveda	Dhanurveda	shilpaveda

mahajanapadas	captial	Details
anga	Champa or malini	Champa was one of the six principals cities of india; a trade and commerce centre and its merchants sailed to distant suvarnabhumi. In its neighborhood, there was a famous tank named gaggra and two importat towns were Bhaddiya and assapura.
magadha	Giribrija	One of the leading mahajanpadas and started the policy of imperliasiam by conquering most of the areas
kashi	varanasi	Varuna and asi were the important rivers.kisala conquered kasha some time before Buddha.
kosala	Sravasti/kusavati	Bounded by the sadanira (Gandak) river, important king was prasenjit and vidudabha; important towns were saketa, sravasti, and Ayodhya.
vatsa	kaushinara	Kurus or bharatas migrated to vatsa and king Udayana was most powerful. Udayana had strong passion for catching elephants.
avanti	mahissati	According to pali canonical texts Ujjayani was the capital of king chanda pradyota
malla	kushinara	Pava was the chief town; the river of Hirannavati. Buddha died during the mallas
Vajji or vrjii	Vaishali (HQ)	A confederacy consisted of eight or nine clans or which videhans, the lichchchhavis, the jnatrikas and the vijji were important, sidharata, father of mahavira belonged to jnatrika
kuru	indraprastha	Important of korvya, isukara kuru and matrimonial relations with the yadavas, the Bhojas and the panchalas. Jatkas mention about king Dhnanjaya
panchala	Ahhicchatra/kampilya	Roughly corresponds to the modern baduan, Farrukhabad and important king was Chulani Brahamadatta has been mentioned in Ramayana.
surasena	mathura	King avantiputras to the first among the chief disciples of Buddha
assaka	potana	Asska and mulaka are represented as two andhaka of Andhra territories. Bhattaswami, the commentator of Arthashatra identifies asmaka with maharastra. Important kings were Brahamadatta and aruna.
chedi	suktimati	It roughly corresponds to modern bundelkhand. According to the haththigumpha inscription of kharvela branch of chedi founded a royal dynasty in kalinga.
gandhar	texila	King pukkusati was contemporary of magadhan king Bhibisara.
kamboj	Rajpur,hatak	It was included in the uttarpatha. Hiuen tsang identified it with rajapura. It is situated in the Hazara district of the North-west Frontier province.
matsya	Viratnagar	Corresponds to modern territory of jaipur; king sahaja ruled over the chedis and the matsyas. Matsya once formed apart of the kingdom of chedi.

MIDDLE KINGDOMS OF INDIA

timeline	Northern empire	Southern dynasties	Northwestern kingdoms
6^th centurry BC	magadha		Gandhara
5^th centuryBC	Shishunaga dynasty Nanda empire	Pandyan cholas	(Persian Rule) (greek Conquests)
4^th century BC	kalinga	Chera
3^th century BC	Maurya empire	Satavahanas
2^ndcentury BC	Sunga empire		Indo-greeks
1^stcentury BC	Kuninda kingdom
2ndcentury			Indo-sassanians
3rd centuries		kalabharas	Kidarite kingdom
4th centuries	Gupta empire	pallavas
5^th centuries			Indo-hephthalities
6^th centuries		Chalukyas
7^th centuries
8^th centuries	Pala empire	rashtrakutas	(Islamic invasion)
9^th centuries			Shahi
10^th centuries			Islamic dynasty
11^th centuries			Islamic dynasty
1^st century AD			Indo-scythians Indo-partians Kushan empire Western satraps

Ashyksha or superintendents:

Arthashastra has mentioned various superintendent (Adhyaksha);
These officials supervise the revenue coming from a particuoar source;
The officerswere also responsible for the administration of theie departments;
They were assisted by different committees and under different officers;
The adhykshas mentioned in the arthashastra are as follows:-

Nagvandhyaksha- chief elephant forester;

‘koshadhyaksha chief superintendent of treasury
‘akardhykshaa’- controller of mining and metallurgy;
‘Lohadhyksha’- chief superintendent of metals;
‘Lakshmandhyaksha chief master of mint;
‘Khanyadhyaksha’- chief superintendent of mines;
‘Lavnadhyksha’ - salt commissioner;
‘Swarnadhyaksha’ - chief superintendent of precious metals and jwellery;
‘Kostagradhyaksha’ - chief superintendent of ware houses;
‘panyadhyaksha’- chief controller of state trading;
‘Kanyadhyaksha’- superintendent of forest produce;
‘Ayudhagaradhyaksha’- chief of ordinances;
‘Panyadhyksha’- chief of weight and measure;
‘Manadhyaksha’- chief superintendent and time keeper;
‘Shukadhyaksha’- chief superintendent of custom ad octroi;
‘Sutradhyaksha’- chief textile commissioner;
‘Sitadhyaksha’- chief superintendent of crown’s land;
‘suraadhyaksha’- chief controller of Alcoholic beverages;
‘Sunadhyaksha’- chief protector of animals and controller animal slaughter
‘Ganikadhyaksha’- chief controller of entertainers;
‘Navadhyaksha’- chief controller of shipping;
Navadhyaksha chief controller of port and harbor;
Godhayaksha’- chief superintendent of cow herds;
‘Ashwadhyaksha’- chief commander of the cavalry;
‘Hsatadhyaksha’- chief commander of elephant corps;
‘Rathadhyaksha’- chief commander of the chariot corps;
‘patyadhyksha’- chief commander of theinfantry;
‘Mudradhyaksha’- chief passport officers;
‘Vivitadhyaksha’- chief controller of pasture land;
‘Dhyutadhyaksha’- chief controller of Gambling;
‘samasthadhyaksha’- chief controller of private trade;
‘Bandanagradhyaksha’- chief superintendent of jail;
‘Devatadhyaksha’- chief superintendent of temples;
‘Bandanagradhyaksha’- chief superintendent of jail;
‘Devatadhyaksha’- chief superintendent of temples;

Arthashastra mentions about 18 departments of the government known as ‘Tirthas’;

Purpose of the appointment of the Dhamma Mahamattas:-

To spread the policy of dharma among various social group including women;
To work for the welfare and happiness of those devoted to Dhamma;
To deal with the affairs of the various sects, i.e. they perform the religious duties;
In every 5 years interval, the Mahamattas would inspect the judiciary functioning hence they also performed some judicial functions;

Itjhakka Mahamatta:-

He controlled the ‘harem’ and ether department involving women;
He worked for the welfare of the women;
He was the administrative officer of the harem;

Amta Mahamatta:-

They were the officers who worked among the frontier people and less civilized tribes;
They were incharge of the administration of these areas;
In the 2^nd rock edict, ashoka expects the amata- mahamatta to create a confidence in the people about his policies and asserts that the harder tribes are like his children;

HISTORY OF THE LAT6ER MAURYA

According to vayupurana, asoka was followed by:

Kunala- ruled for 8 years;
Bandhupatila- ruled 8 years;
Indrapalita- ruled 10 years;
Devavaruna- ruled 7 years;
Satadhanu- ruled for 8 years;
Brahadratha- ruled for 7 years;

The dynasty ended with Brahadratha as he was assassinated by pushyamitra sunga, who founded the sunga dynsty.

According to the vishnupurana, asoka was followed by:

Dasaratha –ruled for 8 years;

Samprati – ruled for 9 years;
Satadhavan – ruled for 8 years
Brahadratha – ruled for 7 years;

Accoding to the matsy purana, asoka was followed by:

Suryasas
Dasaratha
Samgata
Salisuka
Somavarman
Satadhanvan
Brahadratha

According to ashokavadana, asoka was followed by-samprathi, vrihaspati, virsena, pushadharman, pushyamitra;

The successors of asoka were different in different sources, hence it is matter of great controversy about who sat on the throne after asoka;
According to vayu and brahamanada, asoka was succeeded by his son kunala;
According to ashokavadana, asoka was succeeded by his son samprati, who was succeeded by vrihaspati;
According to rajatarangini, asoka was a succeeded byt jhaluka;

According to marasya purana, asoka was succeeded by his grandson darsatha;
Vishnupurana is the only soursewhere where suyasas has been mentioned as the successors of asoka and dasaradha came after suyasas;
Polybius a greek writer mentioned that in 206 BC, antionchus, the king of Syria had friendship with sophagasenos (subhagasena),who was the Indian king;
Dasradha has also been mentioned in the nagarjuni hills, which he gave to the ajivika sects. These in scripttions mention that the caves were dedicated on his accession and they were i9nccribed soon after the reign of asoka clear from the brahmini script and tone of these inscriptions;
Samaprati is referred to as son of kunala in both the Buddhist and the jaina text and as the successor of asoka;
Jaina literature mentions samprati as the grandson of asoka, ruling from Ujjain and pataliputra;
Jaina literature also mentions about his conversion to jainsm by suhastin;
Ashokavadana to matsaya and vishnupurana asoka had divided his kingdom into two parts (1) easten part governed by dastatha; (2)western part- governed by kunala;
In nagarjuni hill cave to ajivika saint, shoes name was vishvajhopra;
Gargisamhita has also mentioned a mauryan king salisulka;
Salisulka has been mentioned in the vishnupuranam as the fourth successor of asoka;
According to the various puranas, the mauryan dynasty lasted for 137 years;
Since the first three mauryans ruled for 85 years, it leaves only 52 years to be ruled by the later mauryas;
The mauryan rule came to an end in about 184 BC.

Religion miscellaneous

The Chandragupta- kumaradevi gold coins do not the Bhagavata emblem, the garuda- dhvaja.
Chandragupta II- mentioned as chakra-vikramah
Kumaragupta I called himself parma-bhagavata, his peacock type coins also suggest the krttikkeya influence on him.
Vainya-gupta dvadasaditya, according to gunaigher inscription, was a siva devotee.
One of the earliest references of the lakulisa- pasupatas found in an inscription Chandragupta II at Mathura
Bharadvaja has wtitten a commentary on vatsayana, is described as pasupatacarya.
Matamauyars were saiva, chedi and Haihaya of Tripuri patronized, important followers were rudrasambhu, prabodhaya, vyomasiva
Athrava veda and satapatha brahmana mentiones 8 nemes of rudhra.
Ganesa has been menjtioned as maha harida savarna, Santana,navanita and unmatta- uchchchishta and maha vinayaka, siddhidata, vighnesvara
Karttikeya, also known as skanda, kumara and subramanya. The earliest mention has been found under the name skanda is perhaps found in samavidhana brahamana.
Besanagar inscription of 2^nd BC refers to a god named vasudeva as devadeva and Ghosundi inscription of the 1^st BC alludes himself in five forms (1) para,(2)vyha (3)vibhava, (4) antaryami, (5)Archha
Vishnu has been divided into three images: (1)Dhruvaberas: immovable images, (2) Vyuhas:emanatory forms and (3) Vibhavas: incaranatory forms.
Saiva agamas’s emblem was manushalinga which is consisted of three parts (1)brahambhaga (2)vishnubhaga(3)rudrabhaga.

Gautama Buddha 563- 483 B.C

Caste: :kshatriya

Real name: sidhrtha

Born: 563 BC according to the Cantonese tradition and b other Chinese tradion

Father’s name: suddhadhana, elected chief of sakya republic

Place: kapilvastu/lumbini/rummindei

Mother: mohamaya, princess of kosalan dynasty

Step mother: prajapati gautami, she marked the beginning of the nuns system in Buddhism.

Wife: yasodhara, daughter of sakya noble: according to buddhavasmsa bhadkhasa was the name of his wife; according to jatka her name of his wife; according to jataka her name was Bimba according to lalitavistara her name was gopa

Cousin: devdutta, envious cousin of Buddha, who created schism

Teacher: asita was first Guru; Ardha kalan, after renunciation, he taught Upanished to him, Udraka Ramaputra was also teacher, met near Rajagriha

Horse: kantaka

Charioteer: Channa

Mara: Devi who disturbed Guatam Buddha in his meditation

Belattha: the merchant to whom Buddha in his meditation

Mahabhiniskramana: great going forth and became ascetic

Ananthapindika: a rich merchant to whom budha met on his way to Rajgir

Venuvana: his health deteriorated

Wandering: 7 years attained enlightenment at the age of 35 at bodha gaya at niranjana river

Death: sukramaddhava, death caused by meal of pork died during the dynasty of mallas

Died in 483 BC- at kusinagar at kasia, his death is called parinirvana.

TIBETAN LISTS

VISITORS KING PERIOD

Materechta kanishka 1^st AD

Nagrjuna udayibhadra 2^nd AD

Chandragomin virarantnakriti 6^th AD

Jinatri chittratnausodhan karma

11^th AD

Bodhibhadra gurulekha 11^th AD

Sajjana suksmajnana 11^th AD

Dipankara Nyayapata 11^th AD

Srijana

Jaganmitra Nanada Jayachandra 12^th AD

Symbolism

Symbolism meaning

lotus and bull birth

Horse marriage and birth of a son

Te Bodhi tree great renunciation Wheel

Wheel Dhrmchakras

Containing 4 noble path

And 8 fold path

Enlightenment

The stupa death

Marketed by rummmmendei pillar ofashoka

Birth

Birth + enlightenment vaishaka purnima

date	place	chairman	king	Development
1^st 483 BC	Raja, sattapami cave	mahakasyap	Ajatshatru	Vinaya pitata complied by Upali about rules Sutta pitaka complied by ananda, about relating to sermons on matters
2^nd, 383 Bc	vaisali	subbakami	Mahakalasoka	Schism took place between sthaviras and mahasanghikas;
3^rd, 236 years after the death of Buddha / 250BC	patliputra	Tissa	asoka	The third pitaka complied: Abhidamma pitak on Metaphysics and philosophy and Buddhism became Tripitaka
4^th, 1^st Ad	Kashmir(kundalavana	Vasumitra asvagosha	kanisha	Schism:Mahayana and Hinayana

Incaranation	form	Killed
Matsya:	fish	Manu
Karma:	Tortoise
Varaha:	Boar
Narasimha:	Man lion
Parusurama	Man with the axe
Krishna	Mayon ( the black one)
Buddha:	Madhyamapritpada In davatara- charitha of Kashmir writer kshemendra 1050 AD rocognised
Kalkin:	Yet to come
Rama:	man	Ravana
Vamana:	Dwarf	Bali
Pancaratra:	Vaisnavite school, vasudeva- krsna- cosmic emanation sankarsna, pradyamna, anirudha- Ramanuja a posulated on it.	Acording to matsy purana: (1) . Narayana Narsimha, Vamana Rama Parusurama Buddha Kalki Vedavysa Madhatri Dattareya.

TITLE	ORIGINAL NAME/TERM
vichitrachitta	Maheendravarman I (pallava)
prathviballabha	Dantidurga
vatapikonda		Narasimhavarman I (pallava)
jayattunga		Govinda III
Tribhuvan malla		vikramadityaIV, chalukyan
Narendra Mrugaraja		Vikramaditya II, vengi
Jayangonda and chola martanda		Rajaraja chola
Ganganichola, kadaramgonda, pandita chola, mudi chola-		Rajendra chola
Yamini-ud-daulah		Gazini
Dharma prathistaguru		Prolaya vema reddy
Karpa vasantharayulu		Kumaragiri reddy
Sarvajana chakravarthi		Pedda komato vema reddy
Andhra srutarama		Kapaya nayaka
Sangeeta sahitya samaraya, sarvabhuma		Krishna deva reddy
Srikeendra sani, alexanderII		Alauddin khalji
malkibaram		Ibrahim qutub shah
tanisha		Abdul hasan (qutub shah)
tygasamundra		Rajendhra chola II
Nasir amir-ul momin		Ilutumish
Lilli liah		Balban
Jauna khan		Mohammad bin tugluq
Delhiswaropa jogadesvara		Akbar
Malik ul gazi		Ghiasuddin tughluq
Sitare hind		Raja sheo Prasad
avantinatha		Jayasimha siddhraja
shamsuddin		Shah mir
But shikan, zain ul abdin		Sikendra, Kashmir
Muzzaffart khan		Zafar khan
imayavarmban		Nedunjeral adan
Kings of the indian		Demitrus
shiabuddin		Shirasamaka
Utapala, vakapatiraja II		Munja
Parameshvari parambhattarika		Wife of dhurva
prakeshri		Rajendra II deva, chola
adivaraha		Bhoja mihir, pratihara
Ulugh khan		Balban
Rai rayan		Rai ramachandra, ruler of deogir
Andhra bhoja		Krishna deva raya
vikrmjit		Hemu, by adil shah
Nana saheb		Balaji baji rao I
lehana		Guru angad
Mirza raja swai		Jai singh of amber
Shah I be khabar		Bahadur shah
ektara		Mahapadma nanda
Kumasiladitya, rajaputra		Harsa
shiddaraja		Jayasimh, chalukya
Alap khan		Hosing khan, malwa
Muzaffar khan		Zafar khan, Gujarat
Ray sarah		Sultan qutubuddin multan
Lakh baksh		Qutubuddin aibek
Bad shah		Zain ul abiding
Hazari dinari		Malik kafur
Zinda pir		Aurangzeb
shikan		Mahmud ghazni
Daksina swami		Samundra gupta
Napoleon of india		Samundra gupta
Rai pithura		Pritiviraja
senakarte		Pritiviraja
Master da		Balaji visvanath
Abla baba, friend of the poor, jagatguru		Ibrahim adil shah II
khuram		Shah jahan
salim		Jahangir
Mahesh das, kaviraja		Birbal
Khan I khana		Bairam khan
Bara bhuyan		Musa khan
Peettu bhuiyan		Shivaji
Usmali turk, sultan of rum		Ottoman turks
kalim		Abdul zalim
Mira ben		Madam sadi
Sultan us sharq (lord of the east)		Malik sarwar khwaja
rekhata		Urdu poetry
Zarin qalam		Muhammad hussain kashmiri
Roshan akhair		Mohd. Shah rangila
Sister niveedita		Margaret noble
Jahan soz		Sultan alauddin
Isan I kamil		Akbar
Sangrama shah		Aman das
Mohd. gori		Sani Muhammad
Golden farman		1632 golcunda
Zalim		Huumayuna
aihole		Cardle of civilization
pindaris		Scavengers of Marathas

Important towns
Indo greeks	sakas	kushanas	1^st AD
Kapisa	kapisa	Kapisa	Vidhisha
Taxila	taxila	Savira	Ujjaini
Pushkalavati	Pushkalavati	Gandhara	Prabhasa
Vidisha	mathura	Pushkalvati	Suparaka
Sakala	Sindhu	Sindhu	Dasapura

AKBAR’S CONQUESTS
STATE	RULAR	YEAR	MUGHAL COMMANDER
AJMEER		1558	Bairan khan
gwalior		1559	Bairan khan
jaunpur		1560	Bairan khan

Indian Historian

Friday, October 2, 2009

DASHAAVATHAARAS

BUDDHIST EDUCATION

BUDDHIST EDUCATION

GUPTHA KINGS

KINGS and TITLES

TITLE

ORIGINAL NAME/TERM

Important towns

Important towns

AKBAR’S CONQUESTS

AKBAR’S CONQUESTS

INDIAN HISTORY

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